2/13/ · Out of articles identified, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The nature play exposure/intervention was heterogeneously described, and a plethora of outcome measures were used. Nature play had consistent positive impacts on physical activity outcomes and cognitive play behaviours (imaginative and dramatic play) Scientific advances have improved therapies that prevent progression of irreversible joint damage in up to 90% of patients with RA. Early treatment with methotrexate plus glucocorticoids and subsequently with other DMARDs, such as inhibitors of TNF, IL-6, or Janus kinases, improves outcomes and prev 1 day ago · Dominic Alexander is a member of Counterfire, for which he is the book review editor. He is a longstanding activist in north London. He is a historian whose work includes the book Saints and Animals in the Middle Ages (), a social history of medieval wonder tales, and articles on London’s first revolutionary, William Longbeard, and the revolt of , in Viator (), and Science
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Human-Nature Interactions: Perspectives on Conceptual and Methodological Issues View all 21 Articles. Background: Across the U. While counseling, medications and, in more severe cases, hospitalization are all appropriate treatments for such conditions, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that spending time in nature can provide tangible benefits for mental health and well-being.
The specific objectives of this scoping review were thus: to define the minimum amount of time in nature that results in positive impact on mental health and well-being for college-aged students; to describe the types of engagement with nature that elicited the impact; and to describe and explore the most commonly used measure of effect pre- and post-time in nature. Methods: This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR Checklist.
A review protocol was developed but not registered. Fourteen bibliographic databases were searched and all results were blindly screened using established inclusion criteria. All titles and abstracts were screened by at least two reviewers, a third being used as a tie-breaker if needed, nature review articles. Results: Initially, nature review articles, 11, titles were identified and once de-duplicated, 10, nature review articles, titles were screened.
One hundred fifty-five papers were given full text reviews, of which 14 studies were included in this review. In summary, 13 of the 14 papers explicitly noted that the participants were college students. These studies show that, when contrasted with equal durations spent in urbanized settings, as little as 10 min of sitting or walking in a diverse array of natural settings significantly and positively impacted defined psychological and physiological markers of mental well-being for college-aged individuals.
Within the included studies, 22 different measures were used to assess the effects of nature doses on mental health and well-being, nature review articles. Conclusions: This review provides time-dose and activity-type evidence for programs looking to use time in nature as a preventative measure for stress and mental health strain, and also demonstrates opportunities in six specific foci for more research in this area. While the U. continues to hold the top ranking among university systems worldwide, American college and university students are experiencing unprecedented levels of stress, depression, and other psychologically-debilitating conditions Williams and Leahy, nature review articles, The causes of this collective emotional distress are many, from competition for grades, to technologically-prompted isolation, to severe financial pressures Eagan et al.
There is ample evidence of the current public health crisis of student well-being on American campuses. These high nature review articles of mental health strain are reflective of the general population, in which one fifth of the global population experienced mental illness sometime in the previous 12 months World Health Organization, Public health and healthcare staff and administrators at colleges and universities in the U.
nature review articles aware of these challenges and recognize that their institutions' educational missions cannot be achieved without attending to the mental and behavioral health concerns of their students. While they are taking steps to address these needs, counseling and intervention demands can be overwhelming Association of University and College Counseling Center Directors Annual Survey, ; USA Today, A recent study of presidents and student affairs leaders at 2- and 4-year post-secondary education institutions found that mental health issues among enrolled students was the respondents' number one health concern The Chronicle of Higher Education, While the most debilitating cases of student psychological problems, such as suicidal ideation, self-laceration, and severe substance abuse, nature review articles, must be addressed through comprehensive approaches including counseling, prescription medication, and possible hospitalization, multiple studies have demonstrated the beneficial upstream preventative effects of spending time in natural settings on emotional well-being and cognitive acuity Maller et al.
And, while four recent review articles summarize and reinforce the mental health and well-being benefits from time in nature James et al. Thus, as public health practitioners and educators with interest in supporting student mental health and well-being, we sought to examine the available evidence to make nature review articles decisions related to campus-based interventions in the U.
This included identifying what accessible and sustainable dose of time in nature is required to elicit a positive impact on the mental health and well-being among people of college-age, and to describe what types of engagement with nature i. active engagement provide said impacts. A variety of theories of how nature impacts human health have been advanced over the past years.
In recent decades, several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism by which time spent in nature promotes an improved psychological state. Attention-restoration theory Nature review articles developed by Kaplan and Kaplan in the s, postulates that prolonged use of directed voluntary attention, as demanded by the complex and technologically-driven modern world, causes mental fatigue and associated loss of focus and increased irritability.
Experiences in the natural world, according to this theory's proponents, promote a restorative environment which allows the brain's directed attention to rest and recover from the rigors of problem solving Kaplan, In contrast to ART, stress-reduction theorydeveloped by Ulrich et al, nature review articles. in the s, argues that natural environments facilitate reductions in physiological arousal following stress, rather than the restoration of directed attention Ulrich et al.
This theory posits that, in response to external stressors, shifts occur in the body's cardiovascular, nature review articles, skeletomuscular and neuroendocrine systems.
Time spent in natural settings, or even viewing natural scenes through a window or on a screen, can result in positive changes in physiological activity nature review articles and then lead to a more positively-toned emotional state Hartig et al.
Landscaped settings, such as those found at botanic gardens or parks, have also been shown to have a role in stress reduction Kohlleppel et al. These findings are consistent with other studies that have found that anything from a grassland to a waterfall can provide the restorative mental health benefits of nature Van den Berg, ; Hansen et al. Current levels of stress and poor mental health among students at nature review articles of higher learning are acknowledged nature review articles be unacceptably high, and time spent in nature has been shown to offer relief from stress, depression, and lack of focus Lau and Yang, The particular natural experience an individual seeks can vary from a seemingly untouched forest to a fully designed landscape.
A few recent studies have focused specifically on this question of appropriate time dose in nature. One study examined the effect of nature experiences on reductions in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase concentrations, two biomarkers of physiological stress. These researchers found that a nature duration between 20 and 30 min, three times per week, was most efficient Hunter et al.
A second study looked at weekly time in nature, comparing individuals who spent various intervals to those who spent no time in nature. These researchers found that spending at least min in nature per week led to significantly higher self-reports of positive health and well-being White et al.
While neither of these studies focused on college-aged students, they provide evidence of the feasibility of prescribing specific time doses in nature, nature review articles. The objectives of this study were to nature review articles scan the available literature to 1 identify what accessible and sustainable dose of time in nature appears to elicit a positive impact on mental health in people of college-age, 2 describe what types of engagement with nature i.
active engagement provide said impacts, 3 describe the most commonly used nature review articles of effect, nature review articles, and 4 identify the strengths and gaps in the literature methods and understanding to guide future research.
Mental health was defined as psychological elements linked to general well-being e. For the purpose of this review, nature was defined as green spaces, including manicured urban parks, urban woods, and relatively undisturbed natural sites. This study looked to define how much time, doing what activities in nature, has a positive impact on mental health among college-age students, and what methods can be used nature review articles measure effect.
A scoping review approach was used to guide this study, allowing the research team to identify and review available and relevant literature, to surface and describe themes and gaps, as a step toward more focused research. Part-way through the implementation of this scoping review, the PRISMA-ScR Checklist was published, and this scoping review has been adapted to follow these newly published guidelines Tricco et al.
A scoping review protocol, available upon request, was developed but not registered. Bibliographic databases were searched on December 15,including Web of Science All Databases, which included BIOSIS Citation Index, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents Connect, Data Citation Index, nature review articles, Derwent Innovations Index, FSTA, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, SciELO Citation Index, nature review articles, and Zoological Record —presentPsychInfo —presentProQuest Dissertations and Theses —presentand PubMed —present.
Searches were re-run on May 18, to capture fresh publications. Searches in Web of Science and PsychInfo used search terms including synonyms of nature, exposure, nature review articles, time elements, university students and terms nature review articles to mental health and wellness see Appendix A for complete search details.
PubMed, a bibliographic database that indexes some literature relevant to this review, was searched using the following string: health[MeSH Terms] AND nature[MeSH Terms]. Preliminary attempts to build a search in PubMed using text words [tw] or title and abstract words [tiab] to capture entries not yet indexed by MeSH Terms yielded tens of thousands of entries that were outside the scope of this review, rendering the search result set too cumbersome to screen. Therefore, we only used MeSH searching in PubMed.
Studies were eligible for inclusion in this scoping review if they met the following criteria: 1 subjects were of average college age no younger than 15, nature review articles, no older than 30 ; 2 the study examined a treatment of time hours or minutes in nature excluding exposure to nature in urban microenvironments, e. Studies that did not meet nature review articles criteria were excluded, as were studies that tracked change in mental health status based on days and weeks immersed in nature e.
After removing duplicate records, all titles and abstracts were screened for relevence inclusion criteria by at least two reviewers, a third being used as a tie-breaker if needed. For resources not excluded based on titles and abstracts, full manuscripts were reviewed by at least two reviewers. For each included study, study characteristics, sample characteristics, and results were extracted to thematic tables in Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.
Given that the subject matter of this scoping review extends into disciplines that rely on qualitative as well as quantitative research, and because many of the included studies relied on subjective measures and small sample sizes, this scoping review used a thematic analysis to look across studies and pull out themes for future consideration.
In sum, 11, resources were identified and once de-duplicated, 10, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance and inclusion; these included both gray and white literatures. Some 10, resources were excluded nature review articles not meeting inclusion criteria based on a review of titles and abstracts, nature review articles.
A total of papers were considered via full-text review, and of those, 14 papers were included for review Figure 1. All included papers were from peer-reviewed journals. From these included papers, data were extracted and collected to define participant age, type of exposure to nature, type of activity in nature, nature review articles, types of data collected, measures used, and resulting change in mental health status.
This information is summarized in Table 1, nature review articles. All included papers summarized studies that were nature review articles and published since and included people of college age; 13 of the 14 papers noted that the participants were college students.
The studies had a minimum of 12 participants under investigation; four studies had 12 participants, and two studies had more nature review articles participants and participants.
The remainder of the studies had both males and females included, with more females studied than men overall females, 96 males, 3 gender not reported. All study sites, both natural and urban, appeared nature review articles be within short walking or driving distances from the subjects' campuses, and would therefore be accessible to most students, nature review articles.
As detailed in Table 1all 14 studies compared participants' measured physiological and affective responses following activities undertaken across two environments: a natural setting vs. an urbanized setting. Ten studies studies 4—12, 14 looked at a time dose of 10 to 21 min, and three studies studies 1—3 looked at a time dose of 50 min.
One study study 13 considered a min dose. In all cases, effect of time in nature was measured after one event or one dose. All but one study study 6 utilized a within-subject cross-over design whereby all participants were studied under two conditions to help rule out confounders based on sample distribution.
A total of 22 different measures were employed in the 14 studies to assess changes in participants' physiology and affect following time in nature. These assessment methods, described in Table 2can largely be grouped into three categories. A person's body reacts to stress, and physiological monitoring and tests can be used to assess changes in a person's body via known markers, including heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol levels, nature review articles.
Psychometric tests of affect, mood, and volition have been used for many years to assess people's disposition. All 14 of the studies included in this review used at least one measure of affect to assess the participants' psychological changes due to time in nature, nature review articles. As detailed in Table 2this included 17 different assessments, 12 standardized and validated assessments the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory EFI; Gauvin and Rejeski, ; the Negative Mood Scale NMS; Scott et al.
Three of the studies included in this review studies 1—3 also used measures of attention to assess whether time in nature influenced participants' memory or ability to focus, nature review articles. Four different standardized tests were used, including: the Necker Cube 2 Pattern Control Test NCPCT; De Young, ; the Backwards digit-span task Berman et al.
Across all of the studies included in the review, it appears that time in nature does have a positive effect on physiology, affect, and attention Tables 3 — 5. In sum, as presented in Nature review articles 2 it appears that:. When compared to those walking in an urban environment, nature review articles, on concrete sidewalks alongside traffic, those walking in nature showed stress reduction via physiological measures: significant decrease in blood pressure 30 min into a walk, although no difference at end 1 study: 2 ; and via psychological measures: significant increase in positive emotion ZIPERS scores and significant decrease in negative emotion ZIPERS scores 1 study: 2significant increase in revitalization EFI score, nature review articles, 1 study: 3nature review articles, and significant decrease in feeling rushed NMS score, 1 study: 3.
There was no significant difference measured in perceived stress PSS score, 1 study: 3in overall happiness OHS score, 1 study: 2or in the positive subscales of the PANAS 1 study: 1.
Those walking in nature also showed varying differences in attention: no significant difference via the NCPCT scale 1 study: 2an increase in attention via the backwards digit-span task, and a significant decrease in attention via the SST. Table 3. Measured effects of time in nature via included studies 10—30 min of sitting outdoors: natural vs. urban view. Table 4, nature review articles.
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2/13/ · Out of articles identified, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The nature play exposure/intervention was heterogeneously described, and a plethora of outcome measures were used. Nature play had consistent positive impacts on physical activity outcomes and cognitive play behaviours (imaginative and dramatic play) 1 day ago · Dominic Alexander is a member of Counterfire, for which he is the book review editor. He is a longstanding activist in north London. He is a historian whose work includes the book Saints and Animals in the Middle Ages (), a social history of medieval wonder tales, and articles on London’s first revolutionary, William Longbeard, and the revolt of , in Viator (), and Science Nature Reviews is a portfolio of 21 journals, which are dedicated to publishing review and commentary articles in the clinical, life, physical and earth sciences. Part of the Nature family— the leading international weekly journal of science first published in
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