example, I included the code ‘methodological’ for the case where the research question(s) / interest(s) aimed at pursuing the exploration of the methods’ potential (see Table 1 for an overview) An example is the study in the Middle East in which the group of TM and TM-Sidhi participants was formed in Jerusalem and its effects studied on Israel and Lebanon. In this study, a list of the measures to be used were lodged in advance of the experiment with an 9/7/ · Some methodological studies synthesize results from other methodological studies. For example, Li et al. conducted a scoping review of methodological reviews that investigated consistency between full text and abstracts in primary biomedical research. Methodological studies that investigate nomenclature and terminologyCited by: 3
A Methodological Review of Maharishi Effect Research | Research
BMC Medical Research Methodology volume 20Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Methodological studies — studies that evaluate the design, analysis or reporting of other research-related reports — play an important role in health research. They help to highlight issues in the conduct of research with the aim of improving health research methodology, and ultimately reducing research waste.
We provide an overview of some of the key aspects of methodological studies such as what they are, and when, how and why they are done.
Some of the topics addressed include: is it necessary to publish a study protocol? How to select relevant research reports and databases for a methodological study? What approaches to data extraction and statistical analysis should be considered when conducting a methodological study?
What are potential threats to validity and is there a way to appraise the quality of methodological studies? Appropriate reflection and application of basic principles of epidemiology and biostatistics are required in the design and analysis of methodological studies. This paper provides an introduction for further discussion about the conduct of methodological studies. Peer Review reports. The field of meta-research or research-on-research has proliferated in recent years in response to issues with research quality and conduct [ 123 ].
As the name suggests, methodological review example, this field targets issues with research design, conduct, analysis and reporting, methodological review example. Various types of research reports are often examined as the unit of analysis in these studies e. abstracts, full manuscripts, trial registry entries. Like many other novel fields of research, meta-research has seen a proliferation of use before the development of reporting guidance. For example, this was the case with randomized trials for which risk of bias tools and reporting guidelines methodological review example only developed much later — after many trials had been published and noted to have limitations [ 45 ]; and for systematic reviews as well [ 678 ].
However, in the absence of formal guidance, studies that report on research differ substantially in how they are named, methodological review example, conducted and reported [ 9methodological review example, 10 ]. This creates challenges in identifying, summarizing and comparing them. In this tutorial paper, methodological review example will use the term methodological study to refer to any study that reports on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary or secondary research-related reports such as trial registry entries and conference abstracts.
See Fig. The methods used in many methodological studies have been borrowed from systematic and scoping reviews. This practice has influenced the direction of the field, with many methodological studies including searches of electronic databases, screening of records, duplicate data extraction and assessments of risk of bias in the included studies, methodological review example.
However, the research questions posed in methodological studies do not always require the approaches listed above, and guidance is needed on when and how to apply these methods to a methodological study.
Even though methodological studies can be conducted on qualitative or mixed methods research, this paper focuses on and draws examples exclusively from quantitative research, methodological review example. The objectives of this paper are to provide some insights on how to conduct methodological studies so that there is greater consistency between the research questions posed, and the design, analysis and reporting of findings.
We provide multiple examples to illustrate concepts and a proposed framework for categorizing methodological studies in quantitative research. Methodological review example study that describes or analyzes methods design, conduct, analysis or reporting in published or unpublished literature is a methodological study. Consequently, the scope of methodological studies is quite extensive and includes, but is not limited to, topics as diverse as: research question formulation [ 11 ]; adherence to reporting guidelines methodological review example 12methodological review example, 1314 ] and consistency in reporting [ 15 ]; approaches to study analysis [ 16 ]; investigating the credibility of analyses [ 17 ]; and studies that synthesize these methodological studies [ 18 ].
While the nomenclature of methodological review example studies is not uniform, the intents and purposes of these studies remain fairly consistent — to describe or analyze methods in primary or secondary studies. As such, methodological studies may also be classified as a subtype of observational studies.
Parallel to this are experimental studies that compare different methods, methodological review example. Even though they play an important role in informing optimal research methods, experimental methodological studies are beyond the scope of this paper. Examples of such studies include the randomized trials by Buscemi et al. In these studies, the unit of analysis is the person or groups of individuals applying the methods. We also direct readers to the Studies Within a Trial SWAT and Studies Within a Review SWAR programme operated through the Hub for Trials Methodology Research, for further reading as a potential useful resource for these types of experimental studies [ 21 ].
Lastly, this paper is not meant to inform the conduct of research using computational simulation and mathematical modeling for which some guidance already exists [ 22 ], or studies on the development of methods using consensus-based approaches, methodological review example.
Methodological studies occupy a unique niche in health research that allows them to inform methodological advances. Methodological studies should also be conducted as pre-cursors to reporting guideline development, as they provide an opportunity to understand current practices, and help to identify the need for guidance and gaps in methodological or reporting quality. For example, the development of the popular Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA guidelines were preceded by methodological studies identifying poor reporting practices [ 2324 ].
In these instances, methodological review example, after the reporting guidelines are published, methodological studies can also be used to monitor uptake of the guidelines. These studies can also be conducted to inform the state of the art for design, analysis and reporting practices across different types of health research fields, with the aim of improving research practices, methodological review example, and preventing or reducing research waste.
For example, Samaan et al. conducted a scoping review of adherence to different reporting guidelines in health care literature [ 18 ]. Methodological studies can also be used to determine the factors associated with reporting practices. For example, Abbade et al. investigated journal characteristics associated with the use of the Participants, Intervention, methodological review example, Comparison, Outcome, Timeframe PICOT format in framing research questions in trials of venous ulcer disease [ 11 ].
There is no clear answer to this question. However, many other terms are used to describe methodological studies. This diversity methodological review example nomenclature makes a census of methodological studies elusive, methodological review example.
Appropriate terminology and key words for methodological studies are needed to facilitate improved accessibility for end-users.
Methodological studies provide information on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary and secondary research and can be used to appraise quality, quantity, completeness, accuracy and consistency of health methodological review example. These issues can be explored in specific fields, journals, databases, geographical regions methodological review example time periods.
For example, Areia et al. explored the quality of reporting of endoscopic diagnostic studies in gastroenterology [ 25 ]; Knol et al. investigated the reporting of p -values in baseline methodological review example in randomized trial published in high impact journals [ 26 ]; Chen methodological review example al, methodological review example.
describe adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials CONSORT statement in Chinese Journals [ 27 ]; and Hopewell et al. Methodological studies provide useful information to researchers, clinicians, editors, publishers and users of health literature.
As a result, these studies have been at the cornerstone of important methodological developments in the past two decades and have informed the development of many health research guidelines including the highly cited CONSORT statement [ 5 ]. Methodological studies can be found in most common biomedical bibliographic databases e.
Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science. However, the biggest caveat is that methodological studies are hard to identify in the literature due to the wide variety of names used and the lack of comprehensive databases dedicated to them. In other databases, a variety of search terms may be applied with different methodological review example of sensitivity and specificity. In this section, we have outlined responses to questions that might help inform the conduct of methodological studies.
A: Selection of research reports for a methodological study depends on the research question and eligibility criteria. Once a clear research question is set and the nature of literature one desires methodological review example review is known, one can then begin the selection process.
Selection may begin with a broad search, especially if the eligibility criteria are not apparent. For example, a methodological study of Cochrane Reviews of HIV would not require a complex search as all eligible studies can methodological review example be retrieved from the Cochrane Library after checking a few boxes [ 30 ]. On the other hand, a methodological study of subgroup analyses in trials of gastrointestinal oncology would require a search to find such trials, and further screening to identify trials that conducted a subgroup analysis [ 31 ].
The strategies used for identifying participants in observational studies can apply here. One may use a systematic search to identify all eligible studies. If the number of eligible studies is unmanageable, a random sample of articles can be expected to provide comparable results if it is sufficiently large [ 32 ]. For example, Wilson et al. It is methodological review example that a simple random sample would lead to underrepresentation of units i.
research reports that are smaller in number. This is relevant if the investigators wish to compare multiple groups but have too few units methodological review example one group. In this case a stratified sample would help methodological review example create equal groups. For example, methodological review example, in a methodological study comparing Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews, Kahale et al.
methodological review example random samples from both groups [ 34 ]. Alternatively, systematic or purposeful sampling strategies can be used and we encourage researchers to justify their selected approaches based on the study objective.
If you are interested in including the entire target population for your research question, or drawing a random or systematic sample from it, methodological review example a comprehensive and exhaustive search for relevant articles is required.
In this case, methodological review example, we recommend using systematic approaches for searching electronic databases i.
at least 2 databases with a replicable and time stamped search strategy. The results of your search will constitute a sampling frame from which eligible studies can be drawn. Alternatively, if your approach to sampling is purposeful, then we recommend targeting the database s or data sources e. journals, methodological review example, registries that methodological review example the information you need.
For example, if you are conducting a methodological study methodological review example high impact journals in plastic surgery and they are all indexed in PubMed, you likely do not need to search any other databases. A: A protocol is a description of intended research methods. Methodological review example, only protocols for clinical trials require registration [ 35 ].
Protocols for systematic reviews are encouraged but no formal recommendation exists. The scientific community welcomes the publication of protocols because they help protect against selective outcome reporting, the use of post hoc methodologies to embellish results, and to help avoid duplication of efforts [ 36 ]. While the latter two risks exist in methodological research, the negative consequences may be substantially less than for clinical outcomes.
In a sample of 31 methodological review example studies, 7 In the Cochrane Library, there are 15 protocols for methodological reviews 21 July This suggests that publishing protocols for methodological studies is not uncommon. Authors can consider publishing their study protocol in a scholarly journal as a manuscript. Advantages of such publication include obtaining peer-review feedback about the planned study, and easy retrieval by searching databases such as PubMed.
The disadvantages in trying to publish protocols includes delays associated with manuscript handling and peer review, as well as costs, as few journals publish study protocols, and those journals mostly charge article-processing fees [ 37 ].
How to Write a Research Methodology in 4 Steps - Scribbr ��
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9/7/ · Some methodological studies synthesize results from other methodological studies. For example, Li et al. conducted a scoping review of methodological reviews that investigated consistency between full text and abstracts in primary biomedical research. Methodological studies that investigate nomenclature and terminologyCited by: 3 (example) Introduction The current chapter presents the process of developing the research methods needed to complete the experimentation portion of the current study. The chapter will discuss in detail the various stages of developing the methodology of the current study. This includes a detailed was)used)to)narrow)down)search)results)as)additional)parameters.)For)example,)“online) assessment”)AND)“elearning”)AND)“adult)learner”)to)retrieve)articles)that)meet)there) three)parameters.)) Credibility,)validity,)andreliability)wereusedtoanalyzeandtoevaluatethe)
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